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14-19 Diploma (7) English (3)

Using Photography in English Literature

Inspired by Cindy Sherman's ability to capture the essence of a character in a photograph, Jigsaw Education's Jo Eden looks at how this technique can make English lessons more accessible.

When we came across an article about renowned photographer Cindy Sherman in a recent edition of The Times, it sparked a lot of conversation in the Jigsaw office. Sherman puts herself in front of the camera and portrays a vast array of characters, after delving into her trusty prop box and makeup bag. Her photos are full of mystery, because she never gives the viewer any detail as to the character she’s depicting, so we end up making our own assumptions.

Bryn before

This week, we’ve had a 14 year old student, Bryn, on work experience with us. He thought it sounded like great fun and spent a few minutes looking at Sherman’s pictures on the Internet. Seeing how interested he was got us thinking – this would be a fantastic activity for English students. Classes learning about ‘Lord of the Flies’ or ‘An Inspector Calls’ could bring the characters to life and think of different ways to explain who they are, using the image alone. As Bryn was so keen on the idea, we decided to use him as our guinea-pig and find out if this idea would really work.

We equipped Bryn with a Canon 200D camera, some extra lighting and various bits and bobs that were to hand, and set him a challenge: to pick a character from Shakespeare’s ‘Othello’ and bring it to life in a series of original self-portraits. Bryn had little photographic experience, so we helped him come up with a plan of attack. The first thing he needed to do was pick a character and analyse them – your students can do this in small groups or pairs. Ask them to come up with a list of character traits, which they can support with key quotes from the text. Once they’ve compiled their character analysis, you can open it up as a class discussion. It should lead to a great debate, because characters can always be interpreted in different ways:

Othello – Eloquent, powerful, trusting, insecure, alienated, gullible

Desdemona – Submissive, loyal, forgiving, weak, independent

Bryn chose Iago (everyone loves a good villain, after all). This character’s cunning, two-faced, manipulative, humorous, deceptive, violent and ruthless – all without feeling any remorse. These kinds of qualities can really get the imagination going when you’re planning pictures, so we thought it was a clever choice!

Next was the planning stage, where Bryn had to come up with some ideas for his photo shoot. He had lots of ideas about lighting, facial expressions and body positions he could try, but we realised that we didn’t have much Shakespearean garb lying around the building. This was the only snag in our plan: it’s all very well suggesting props and makeup but, unless you’ve got an endless assortment of costumes and a member of staff who happens to be a dab hand at face painting, it’s a bit ambitious. Sherman’s pictures are different to this project; she creates enigmatic characters whilst Bryn was trying to convey very specific characteristics.

After a good half hour of attempting to disguise our scanners and cables as stylish hats, it was agreed that Bryn was better off focusing on Iago’s personality, rather than his superficial appearance. As it turned out, diverging slightly from Cindy Sherman’s style worked really well, especially when we showed Bryn what he could do with the lighting kit. He was really inventive and kept us on our toes by asking if things were possible! It’s always useful to have a list of ideas to hand just to get your students started, but if they’re anything like Bryn they’ll soon be coming up with their own experimental ideas.

Before we started shooting, Bryn drew out some of his ideas on paper so that he had a clear idea of what he wanted to achieve in each picture. He annotated them to point out lights, body positions and specific expressions he wanted to try. Having these plans also meant that one of our in-house photography experts, who had volunteered to lend a helping hand, knew exactly what Bryn wanted and could offer suggestions. When everything was ready and Bryn had taken a few minutes to practise his Iago expressions in the mirror, we started his shoot!

Shoot1


When we set him this task, we did wonder if Bryn would feel a little overwhelmed with running his own shoot, but he was ordering us around in no time! As you can see from the picture below, the results were fantastic. Bryn’s Iago comes across as wickedly sneaky, looking particularly evil in his close up eye-focused shot.

Bryn Eyes

The most important thing in Bryn’s shoot was that he tried every idea and if it didn’t work he simply moved on to the next. Most students are going to be quite new to this kind of photography, but they shouldn’t think of it as a complicated and scary thing. That’s the great thing about working digitally: you can snap and snap, trying every idea they’ve thought up, without worrying about wasting film! Try weird angles, holding pieces of sheer material between the subject and the lens – even moving the camera around whilst shooting can give an interesting effect with very little effort. Who needs props and makeup when you’ve got editing software? Photoshop is a great way to add excitement and context to photos, from manipulation and airbrushing to adding in new backgrounds and experimenting with colour (great for showing insanity).

In the classroom, students can compare their results and discuss what each photo represents (we had biscuits when we did this with Bryn, but that’s entirely optional). It can even be turned into a quiz; show your students a picture and ask them to name the character, giving a quote from the text to back up their choice. It’s a fantastic way to remember characters from every genre. As long they’ve got lots of imagination and a good knowledge of the part their character plays in the book or play, your students can come up with an infinite number of photographs.

Using photography in the classroom doesn’t have to be expensive; all you really need is an SLR camera, a couple of lights and some editing software. It can give your students a real depth of understanding and encourages them to think creatively as they learn. Of course, it’s all very well for us to say how good it is, but what did Bryn think?

 

Bryn’s Verdict (He really did write this!)

“I really enjoyed it – Shakespeare is finally fun! At first it was difficult to come up with ideas, but once you squeeze a few out they start to flow and once you get started it’s hard to stop again!

Before today, I could twiddle a camera lens, click the buttons and take good photos, but nothing close to the level we used today. The equipment was really impressive: there were linked flashes, professional-looking directional lights and Velcro light-blockers (to focus the flash). It was a bit like having a school photo taken, but not as scary.

I’ve never learned about Othello before, but after reading about Iago and doing this activity, I feel like I’ve always known his characteristics. I reckon I could write an essay about Iago (but don’t hold me to it!)

I think my classmates would love doing this. Shakespeare is all about creativity, exploring characters and creating your own image in your head. With this activity, you can build your perfect picture of any character.

I’d just like to say to any teachers out there, do this with your students! It’s a sure-fire way to bring Shakespeare out of the hum-drum and back into what it was always meant to be: visual entertainment.”

 

If you want to step out of the “hum-drum”, call our education experts on 03332 409 333 and find out more about getting photography into your lessons. You can also email us at learning@jigsaw24.com.

 

Our Top Lighting Tips:

1.         Make your own lightbox – Cover a cardboard box with tin foil, add a flash and you’ve got a cheap addition to your lighting kit! Lightboxes emphasise the flash by reflection, flooding your picture with light. Use it to show a character’s vulnerability.

2.         Try backlighting – You can give your subject an ethereal glow simply by placing a lamp behind them. Saintly characters are the perfect basis for backlighting, as are weaklings and even ghosts!

3.         Focus the flash – Just like Bryn, you can emphasise facial features by focusing your flash with light-blockers. We created a letterbox effect on Bryn’s eyes for that dark, evil look.

 

Bryn Used:

James' Nikon D300

Adobe Photoshop CS4

13" MacBook White